Consequences Of Oil Spill Disasters Environmental Sciences Essay

On March 24, 1984 the oil oiler Exxon Valdez entered Prince William Sound which is on the manner towards California. Due to the conditions and unnatural sea conditions, the ship ran aground and began sloping oil. Within a fraction of second an environmental incubus began that changed non merely the Prince William Sound but the universe. Within a short period of clip a sum of 11,000,000 gallons of Alaska North Scope petroleum oil leaked into environment from the ruptured hull of the ship. Within a month the petroleum oil had been driven along a way stretching about 750km to the sou'-west. The killing procedure took 3 old ages and the cost was over 2.1billion ( usd ) . The decease toll in footings of wildlife in the sea was reeling and the full impact may ne'er be known. The Exxon Mobil Corporation or Exxon Mobil, is an American transnational oil and gas corporation. Exxon Mobil is one of the largest publically traded companies in the worldhaving been high ranked. Over the last 125 old ages Exxon mobil has evolved from a regional seller of kerosine in the United States to the largest publically traded crude oil and petrochemical endeavor in the universe. Today Exxon Mobil is best known by their familiar trade names and names such as Exxon, Esso and Mobil. They are doing merchandise that drive modern transit, power metropoliss, lubricate industry and provides petrochemical edifice blocks that lead to thousand of consumer goods. Vision – Progress in energy efficiency across planetary refinement and chemical operations by 10 % between the twelvemonth 2002 and 2012. The refinement and chemical concerns are in charge for make their vision to come alive. Under the counsel of the presidents of refinement and chemical, site operations direction implements facility-level energy strength betterments. Exxon mobil ‘s Corporate safety, security, wellness, and environment Department collects informations sing the advancement from the concern and make presentation one-year footing to the Management Committee and the Public Issues and Contributions Committee of the board reappraisal and treatments. As one of the universe ‘s largest publically traded integrated energy company, Exxon Mobil ‘s premier duty is to place, develop, and safely present dependable supplies which in energy signifier to people around the universe while supplying a return for their stockholders. To accomplish their purposes and vision, Exxon has its ain aims. Economic development Exxon looks frontward to make a long term economic and societal benefits from their undertaking and presence. To keep smooth gross flows Exxon Mobil employ a assortment of incentive plans and economic support which aid cut down barriers for development. This besides guarantee to better local substructure, create occupations, enhance instruction and drive economic activity faster. Safety, wellness and the workplace Exxon mobil give more precedence to protects the safety of their employees, contractors, clients and the populace. They ever try to keep their nucleus value which is safety, security and wellness. They besides encourage employee development and a positive ambiance. Environmental public presentation While stressing safety, wellness and workplace, Exxon mobil besides conveying along their concern in mode protects the environment. They integrate ecological considerations during the development of a undertaking.Oil refinery industrial procedure and operationCrude oil is the get downing point of doing crude oil fuels, lubricators, medical equipment, electronics and so many things. These rough oil is taken from under the land or deep ocean. The rough oil comes from deep resistance where the remains of the workss and animate beings from 1000000s of old ages ago have been heated and pressured over clip. By and large the petroleum oil is blackish in coloring material. There are many types of petroleum oil.The refinement procedureOnce the petroleum oil has been discovered, it drilled and brought to the Earth ‘s surface. Than it transported to a refinery by grapevine or ship. At the refinery, it is converted into consumer and industrial merchandises. There are 3 major refinery proce dure behavior by Exxon mobil to alter rough oil into finished merchandises.SeparationIs the first measure to divide the petroleum oil into its of course happening constituents. The procedure call distillment where using heat is carried out to carry through the separation procedure. Separation performed in a series of distillment towers, with the bottom merchandise from each tower feeding the following. The hottest point of the distillment tower can make every bit much as 400 degree Celsius. Merchandises from the distillment tower scope from gases at the top to really heavy, syrupy liquids at the underside. In all instances, these merchandise watercourses are still considered unfinished and necessitate farther processing to go utile merchandises.DISTILLATION PROCESSConversionDistillation seperates the petroleum oil into unfinished merchandises. However the merchandises non of course exist in petroleum. In this phase, there is excessively small gasoline and excessively much of heavy oil left. So the transition procedure carried out to change over low valued heavy oil into high value gasoline. The transition procedure is so much of import in the oil refinery procedure. All merchandise in the refinery procedure stands in same edifice blocks which is C and hydrocarbon ironss. The longer the concatenation the heavier the merchandise will be. The procedure of change overing the heavier hydrocarbons into lighter hydrocarbons is the nucleus intent of the transition procedure.PurificationOnce the petroleum oil has through the procedure separation and transition, the resulting merchandises is ready for purification procedure. This procedure is fundamentally sulphur remotion procedure. This procedure is done by hy drotreating procedure, where convert heavy molecules into lighter 1s. Finally the modern refinery and petrochemical engineering can transform the petroleum oil into literally 1000s of usage full merchandises.Hazard that lead to oil spill catastrophe and pollutionThe tragic accident which happened in Alaska ‘s Prince William Sound is profoundly regretted by the company. The major hazard encountered by Exxon Valdez was go throughing through icebergs. The captain has ordered his 3rd mate to turn around the iceberg and handed him the wheels. He than replaced by another adult male. So the message was non sent to him. Miscommunication seems to play a major portion for this oil spill. The captain failed to supply a proper direction and orders to his 3rd mate due to damage of intoxicant. The direction besides plays a portion in making hazard which lead to the catastrophe. They failed to supply plenty work force for the captain. The U.S seashore guard besides failed to supply sufficien t information on vas traffic system. There besides much hazard may do oil spill but non the Valdez spill. Natural ooze besides can do oil spill. When the tectonic home bases shift place there are some oil escape from the militias trapped deep under the ocean. Natural ooze is besides addition due to human activity such as boring. The method choose to make full the well besides one of the hazard which lead to the spill. For illustration BP besides chose to lade the well with saltwater, instead than weighty boring clay. This procedure than go forthing the well vulnerable to an rush of oil and gas. A status that is non allowed for exploratory Wellss drilled in other topographic points, experts said. The company besides chose non to utilize automatic stoppers, devices put inside the pipe that besides can blockade oil and gas which lead to detonation. Oil remains a preferable energy beginning and increasing demand for this resource translates to an increasing demand to transport them where they are needed safely, quickly and at the cheapest cost. In this respect, grapevines remain a cost-efficient pick particularly for transporting at long distances on land. Consequently, building of these mega grapevine substructure undertakings will hold immediate important impacts on the environment in the event of a big release of hydrocarbons. It is necessary so that these undertakings be carefully assessed and managed to extenuate the inauspicious impacts of an oil spill incident. The companies involved in oil derive each have their ain informations. They are besides each responsible for operations. If informations non shared consequently, there will be opportunities of accident which may subsequently do oil spill. They should portion the informations otherwise and carried out the operation otherwise. Another the most common hazard that lead to oil spill is runoff from the land. Many land-based engines are running by crude oil fuel or crude oil based lubricators. All these substances are easy released, where roll uping on roads and in the land where eventually stop up in ocean. This happens due to miss of consciousness among us. These issues may do a serious pollution issue.Consequences of all the jeopardies of the spill catastropheThe 1989 Valdez incident was one of the lowest points in Exxon Mobil ‘s 125 twelvemonth history. The incident made Exxon Mobile took duty over the oil spill. As portion of the condemnable supplication understanding, the tribunal fined Exxon $ 150 million. They spent over $ 4.3 billion. The killing procedure required about 10,000 plus workers, 1,000 over boats and approximately 100 over aeroplanes and choppers. The all right which Exxon Mobile paid was the largest all right of all time for the environmental offense. This was the direct impact from the catastrophe. The spill had caused over $ 300 million injury particularly to economic wise more than 32 1000 people whose supports depended on commercial fishing. Oil spill hold a serious consequence on marine life every bit good. Oil spill cause dislocation of gas exchange. This ulterior lead to decease of plankton and fish. The petroleum oil besides poisoning animate beings. Marine life dies due to this grounds. Besides marine life birds besides affected by oil spill. Birds which have direct contact with oil affects its protective outer coat. It breaks down the insulating capacity of plumes and pelt and motion. Spending which allocated for touristry decreased by eight per centum in south cardinal Alaska and by 30 five per centum in south west Alaska in the twelvemonth after the spill. Deceased fishes and birds all get washed up on the shoreline and the oil slipperiness interferes in actions such as seafaring, swimming, fishing and touristry. The local touristry industry suffers the much because tourers are non acute in coming to a coastal country where they can non make the activities which listed above. There was a loss of around 9,000 visitants and $ 5.5 million in province disbursement. Industries that depend on clean saltwater for regular operations can besides impact because operations have to be stopped while the procedure of cleaning the H2O. Oil spill besides straight affects the economic system. Recreational athletics fishing had direct impact from Exxon Valdez oil spill. This loss was estimated based on the impacts of the oil spill.for the twelvemonth 1989, the doomed was estimated around $ 580million. The oil spill catastrophe is non a job which can be cleaned instantly. It leaves a long term effects to the environment. After 12 old ages from the spill, a study showed oil could still be found on half of the 91 indiscriminately selected beaches. For illustration, serious exposures for old ages after the spill to oil persisting in sedimentary safeties were proves from biomarkers in fish, sea otters, and sea ducks confidentially connected with deposits for egg laying or forage. These continual exposures improved mortality for old ages.Improvements and alterations in the directionAfter the awful incident, Exxon Mobil had doubled its long-time committedness to safeguard the environment, employees and runing communities over the worldwide. To forestall another catastrophe Exxon Mobil had modified its oiler paths. They planned consequently the paths. They even instituted drug and intoxicant testing plans for safety and sensitive issue. They had learned a lesson from the old catastrophe. Implementing more extended periodic appraisal of Exxon Mobil vass and installations seems another measure to forestall oil spill. They even applied new engineering to better vas pilotage and guarantee the unity of oil containment systems. Not merely Exxon Mobil but each and every direction involved in this field should fix some betterment to forestall oil spill. There are ; – Hazard appraisal – through a comprehensive hazard appraisal, can organize a solid scientific foundation for all their response programs. . It gives an indicant on where you can place your intercession steps and what equipment needs to be at that place to efficaciously pull off a spill incident. Environmental sensitivenesss – see the sensitivenesss in the country which may be potentially impacted in an oil spill. Pipeline response scheme – the grapevines are normally really long and it is non possible to mensurate spill sensor every kilometres. So should pattern sitting of response bases to react in an efficient and timely mode. Equipment types and measure – the quality of the equipment is really of import. Management should verify whether the equipment following the ISO criterion. Stakeholder direction – this is an unmarked critical component. A stakeholder is anyone who has an involvement in the undertaking and can act upon or impact the success of a undertaking. Management should see and understand their motivations and place

Ontological Argument for God’s existence Essay

To asses the strengths of the Ontological Argument for Gods existence, we firstly need to understand what it entails. The Ontological Argument looks at proof ‘A Priori’, which is Analytical truth, reason based proof. This can be explained by saying 1+1=2. We know this to be true, as it is based on reasoning, and is a logical statement. This can be seen as a strength of the Ontological Argument, the fact that it is logical and rational. It deals with knowledge gained independently of experience, innate knowledge. It does not use any external evidence, it simply uses the definition of the word ‘God’. It therefore claims that if you understand what God is, then you understand that he must exist. St. Anselm, an Archbishop of Canterbury, first proposed the Ontological Argument in his book ‘Proslogian’, according to Anselm, both theists and atheists have a definition of God, if only for atheists to dismiss his existence. Therefore, Anselm claims, God exists in the mind. This could be considered a strength of the Ontological Argument for God’s existence. The fact that if you use the word God, then you, yourself must have an understanding of the meaning of the word. To use the word we show we have an idea of God which exists in our minds. However, existing in the mind is one thing, but to exist in reality is another. ‘Lord, not only are You that then which nothing greater can be conceived but you are also something greater than can be conceived’ St. Anselm, Proslogion. As Anselm states above, God is that which nothing greater can be conceived, therefore not only must he exist in the mind, but in reality. This is because it is greater to exist in reality than simply in the mind. There is strength in this point, as what Anselm is saying is true. It is greater to exist in reality, that in the mind alone. For example if we had not eaten for a week, it would be good to imagine a 3 course meal, however, to actually receive that meal, and make it a reality, would be even better. As God is described as the greatest, then this helps to prove his existence. Rene Descartes supported Anselm’s argument, he had strengths in his proposition in which he said that if your minds exists, then it is logical to assume that clear ideas which come into your mind are true. His proposition began with ‘I have an idea of God’ and finished with ‘Therefore  God, as the clear and distinct idea of supreme perfection must exist’. He maintained that his idea of God is one of a supremely perfect being, and one of the attributes of perfection is existence. This is similar to Anselm’s argument, and bears the same assets of being logical and plausible.

How does Iago manipulate Othello Essay

Perfect people do not exist in this world of temptations, failures, and suffering. In fact, every person has weaknesses, and there is always a possibility that someone will use those feeble points against that man. Shakespeare’s play Othello shows an example of how one can control others exploiting their weaknesses and the consequences of such actions. The character of Iago, the antagonist in the tragedy Othello, instigates chaos, deception, and gross manipulation. He is the center of all the evil events in the play. He manages to completely deceive everyone by displaying an honest facade. Thus he is able to instill trust in all those around him. Since no one sees him for the evil and deceiving man that he really is, he manages to manipulate everyone. He exerts control and power over others in order to fulfill his goals of destroying Cassio and completely demeaning Othello and ruining his reputation. Roderigo’s passion to Desdemona, his foolishness, and trusting nature help Iago to succeed in his evil plan. Another object of manipulation is Cassio whose love for women and wine as well as his concerns of reputation makes him a victim of Iago’s brutal intentions. The Moor, the cause of Iago’s revenge, is described as someone who heavily relies on the advice of others which becomes used against him by his friend. Also he becomes caught in Iago’s web because of his disability to cope with jealousy put in his ear. Othello jumps quickly into conclusions and finally kills Desdemona and himself that satisfies Iago’s desire of revenge. Therefore, Iago is able to manipulate Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello by exploding their weaknesses. Being a blind fool and maintaining hopeless love for Desdemona, a woman of his dream, Roderigo is hurt by Iago who uses his weak spots to fulfill the revenge. Iago knows of Roderigo’s weakness of being totally devoted to Desdemona and of his obsession of winning her back, so he exploits it well. With promises of reunification with Desdemona, Iago twists Roderigo’s weakness to his advantage since he needs money and wants his hands to be clean. Iago is the one who manipulates his feelings toward Desdemona and motivates his actions. First Iago, in the moment of Roderigo’s despair, convinces him that Desdemona’s infatuation will end as soon as she’ll get bored sexually with Othello, so there will be a new way to get closer to her. Later he makes Roderigo believe that she has an affair with Cassio that  provides Roderigo with incentive to bring down and then kill Michael. Iago also puts in his head that Othello and Desdemona are going to Mauritania and he will not be able to win her back, but if Cassio dies then they will have to stay in Cyprus. Roderigo, being a naà ¯ve trusting fool, believes every Iago’s word. In his turn Iago despises Roderigo, referring to him as to a faithful to his master dog by saying that he is â€Å"poor trash of Venice, whom I leash for his quick hunting†. Roderigo’s disability to use his brain is showed in his foolishness of not understanding that Iago uses himas a source of money. However, even when he gets to suspect Iago in cheating on him, the master of evil finds the way out and Roderigo is left in fools again. Roderigo’s trusting nature and self-pitying does not allow him to take control over things by himself, so he sets his hopes on Iago who manipulates him playing on his weaknesses in order to fulfill his desire of revenge. Cassio with his good reputation, love for women and wine being his real weakness is another character that is exploited by Iago. Iago hates Michael since he was chosen over Iago to become a lieutenant even though Cassio is, according to Iago, an inferior soldier. Since Iago is aware of Michael’s â€Å"very poor and unhappy brains for drinking†. On the first step of destroying him Iago gets Cassiol to drink too much of wine, one of his main weaknesses, while on duty, challenging his loyalty to Othello and causes him to brawl with Roderigo. When Othello discovers the drunken Cassio, he dismisses him. This is exactly what Iago had envisioned. The humiliation of Michael due to his dismissal and loss of rank is the fulfillment of one of Iago’s major goals. On the next step â€Å"honest man†, as he is called by Cassio, maintains the facade of fake sincerity and loyalty to Michael while at the same time deceiving and plotting his destruction. Ironically, Cassio seeks Iago’s advice on how to regain Othello’s trust and favor while Iago is actually the source of his problem with Othello, Iago gives Michael advice for his own evil purposes. He advises Cassio to talk to Desdemona about influencing Othello. Unfortunately, this advice is a form of manipulating, since Iago perfectly knows that Michael is â€Å"a fellow almost damned in a fair wife†. Also by begging, or bowing down to a woman, which was not to be done in those times, Cassio shows more of a weakness. Although Michael is seeing Desdemona to talk about his position and reputation, Iago hints his  suspicious of Cassio and Desdemona’s affair to Othello creating an interest in him. Also Iago becomes a great friend of Michael who even doesn’t allow to himself to get to know more about the handkerchief given by Iago to him. His trusting nature is completely under the power of Iago who provides a support for him. Therefore, Iago takes c ontrol over Cassio and his weaknesses, but Michael, blinded by Iago’s outside friendly nature, does not realize that. Iago’s poison pours on to Othello’s mind and makes him to be manipulated by the enemy. Iago, when makes his plan says: The Moor is of a free and open-nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, And will as tenderly be led by th’nose As asses are (act 1, scene 3) Othello heavily relies on the opinions of others, as he did when choosing the lieutenant to be Cassio, not Iago. Also the Moor puts all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othello’s marriage to Desdemona. This wasn’t very bright of Othello. His trusting nature makes him vulnerable. His involvement with Desdemona translates into a deeper trust with heart. Being older than she is, Othello has fears that she will find a younger man who is more attractive than Othello. This makes him open to Iago’s plan. As a result when Iago creates rumors of Desdemona’s involvement with Cassio, Othello’, being already insecure with himself falls deep into Iago’s trap. Besides the fact that he is older than his wife, Othello also has insecurities about his race. He is a black man living among white men who are sometimes make judgments about his race and how it affects his work. In addition, to his fears, Othello has passionate nature does not allow him to think over what he hears or if it is true, but let his jealousy take over his actions. Othello’s emotions begin to grow from jealously to anger. He has never been heart broken before and now all his emotions of melancholy  are running through his mind. â€Å"How shall I murder him, Iago?† Already Othello had sunken in everything Iago had said. Not thinking straight and letting his emotions run untamed, he can only think of death as a way to resolve everything. He jumps very fast into conclusions that lead to a downfall. Iago poisons Othello’s mind with lies about love, Desdemona, and his trusted lieutenant, Cassio and causes him to destroy them both. Iago realizes that by causing Othello to destroy both Desdemona and Cassio Othello will at the same time destroy himself and his reputation. Being under pressure of Iago who controls him exploiting his weaknesses Othello ruins himself and people around him. Exploiting the major weaknesses of Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello, Iago is able to control and hurt them. He moves his friends as if they were chessmen. He uses their individual aspirations and passions to motivate them to whatever devious plan he desires. However, in each case Iago doesn’t have to push very hard because his suggested actions either seem harmless resolutions to each character’s woes or take advantage of character flaws. Because he does not have to push very hard, he is able to maintain an air of apathy while promoting his ultimate malevolent goals: â€Å"I am not what I am†. In Roderigo’s case Iago successfully manipulates him using his weak personality and passionate love to Desdemona for his own purposes. Cassio’s love for women and his weakness to wine is what helps Iago in controlling him. Othello also is caught by Iago in his web of lie since his trusting and passionate nature, insecurity in him makes him vulnerable to Iago. Sha kespeare shows the consequences of being trustful and naà ¯ve. A person should think of what is right and wrong, but not rely on the advices of others as Roderigo, Cassio, and Othello did. One must have his own head on the shoulders, and should live using his mind and consciousness in order to avoid the situation of being under somebody’s control.

American Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a form of administration wherein the government is divided into bureaus or different departments which are headed by non-elected officials. This administration is characterized by a highly hierarchal distribution of authority amongst the offices and is guided by rigidly fixed procedures and rules.Max Weber listed characteristics of modern bureaucracies: (1) the functions of the bodies are rigidly fixed by laws; (2) hierarchal and integrated into a chain of command; (3) administrative policies are properly documented; (4) services require apprenticeship; (5) functions entail full devotion to office; and (6) access to this system is also an access to technology, jurisprudence commercial science and administrative science.The development of the American Bureaucracy is an end result of the division of classes into societies, wherein in the function serves to secure the acceptance of such orders. Thus, according to Lefort, bureaucracy is normally viewed as service of a domi nant class within a specific framework to assure preservation of status for most for the dominant class. Moreover, American bureaucracy is seen to have several negative implications on its government form. Citizens are often concerned on the manner at which principles are being attached to certain issues.It is argued that at most times, people face the imminent danger of being placed at a stand wherein the public good is disregarded due to conflicts from rival parties, and that when the rule of justice and rights of minor party have become overpowered by the force of interested and overbearing majority (Madison, 1787). Thus, it is often said that American bureaucracy has encouraged the splitting of administration into factions, which in turn is an effect of unsteadiness and injustices within the system.These injustices are brought by the government’s influential impact on making judgment towards property sentiments, which at large differ based on the social class – whe rein the inequality to acquire property is possible to equate based on social standing (Madison, 1787). Consequently, the manner of representation in the republic is also in question. The process at which a representative or representatives are elected is based on a certain limited number.Hence it will follow that proportionality of the election of officers for certain republic may render them the greater or lesser probability of representation for the emancipation of the republic that they represent (Madison, 1787). On the other hand, there are also positive views attributed in the establishment of American bureaucracy. The establishment of bureaucracy in US has pushed separate departments to become independent and to act according to their own will.This shall also follow that the members of this department will develop their own sense of authority and responsibility over their areas. But nonetheless, the idea of independence for the established departments has remained untrue so f ar. The independence they posses is only minimal and nominal, because the appointments that are taking place within the system and the process by which orders are done, come strictly from the rigidness of orders from higher authorities.Another thing, this kind of system is highly susceptible to biases and administration corruption, since the appointments made are delivered by higher officials and consequently the works to be done should ought to be addressed to the authority who conferred it to them (Madison 1788). Though the distribution of power amongst these departments is done in such a way that each department serves as checks and balance for the other departments, it still occurs that this distribution of authority, instead of being vigilant to the interest of the public, has rather became a cover up for private interest.And this rhetoric of division of powers which aims to distribute powers equally among different departments couldn’t be in any way possible because it is convenient and not rational to create an equal distribution of power to defend each of their own departments. However, the constitution for the American bureaucracy claims two distinct responsibilities that render this kind of administration rational and beneficial to the society. First, in contrast to bureaucracy, a single republic owes concentration of powers towards one entity, which shall serve as the lone guard against power abuse.On the other hand, in a bureaucratic state, the power is divided between two bodies, thus creating a double security against usurpation of powers by officials. Second, this division makes the interests of the republic more guarded in such a way that the first division guards the society against oppression that may be caused by the other division. Therefore, the two separate departments of the government serve as checks and balance between them (Madison 1788). Thus, bureaucracy does not necessarily entail influence on political and economic regime.N either that its organization has relation to power, rather, bureaucracy administers itself by splitting its powers into divergence (Lefort, 2007) Moreover, the current trend of American bureaucracy is being put into test. The organization of new departments has sprung from the current US government administration, all geared towards increasing their security, customs, immigration and emergency management. According to reports, this reorganization in the US government shall become the most ambitious US reorganization since 1947.The formation of the new Department of Homeland Security shall ideally and constitutionally become the guardian of Americans against terrorist attacks, immigration advocates, and business lobbyists. However, this shall also post a great challenge on coping from the changes that it will allow. The problem shall be rooted on the dilemma of balancing old and new traditions in such a way that this will not disrupt the functions that it is ought to serve for the go vernment and the society (Alden, 2002).Bureaucracy has served its purpose in the American government. Though it varies widely between the positive and the negative feedbacks that it has encountered over its practice, bureaucracy has indeed become an institution in the American government administration. Further, it has its process closely tied to the process of capitalist rationalization. It forms a type of social organization and establishes social strata and dictates a relationship among its members. References Alden, Edward. (22 November 2002) A Battle of American Bureaucracy.Financial Times. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www. globalsecurity. org/org/news/2002/021122-secure01. htm Lefort, Claude. What is Bureaucracy? Retrieved November 15, 2007, from http://www. generation-online. org/h/fplefort. htm Madison, James. (1787 November 22) The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection. Daily Advertiser. Madison, James. (1788 February 6) T he Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments. Independent Journal.

Review of Related Literature About School Website Essay

Why do schools have district websites? The benefits include the following: linking schools in the district, developing communication in classes, grade levels, and cultures, encouraging parental involvement, presenting information to visitors about the school and acquisition of technology skills (Miller, Adsit & Miller, 2005). The digital divide holds with it a social justice goal to ensure that students regardless of socioeconomic status have equal access to new technologies both in the form of information and communication. The No Child Left Behind Act (2001), the Enhanced Education Through Technology program identifies among its purpose â€Å"to support local efforts using technology to promote parent and family involvement in education and communication among students, parents, teachers, principals, and administrators† (Education, 2001 p.2). The importance of the Internet as an essential addition to the school landscape is becoming very evident (Hartshorne, Friedman, Algozz one & Isibor, 2006). The elementary process and, in the development of such; teachers need to find new and exciting ways for knowledge attainment. The use of technologies, such as the Internet, allows students to communicate globally, parents to become more involved and provides a place for supplemental curriculum material to be accessed by all persons associated with the educational process. The Internet is an attractive source of information for parents because of its round-the-clock availability, speed, and enormous range of information (Martland & Rothbaum, 2006, p. 839). A high school website can provide a comprehensive illustration of a school’s curriculum, and its development can be a collaborative effort, addressing the goals and needs of different elements within the school (Hartshorne, Friedman, Algozzone & Isibor, 2006).

To What Extent the Chinese Stock Markets are Efficient Research Paper

To What Extent the Chinese Stock Markets are Efficient - Research Paper Example From this discussion it is clear that high population has also ensured supply of skilled labor is plenty within the Chinese economy. Chinese people are well known for their fastness and commitment in doingactivities. Itwas firstly witness in China wherethecurfewswereconducted on peopleworkinglate in thenight, before theindustrieswastransformed to a 24hour economy. Due to their hard work and innovation, they have emerged to be amongst thewellperformingeconomies in theworld. Chinese people have grown to the extent of exporting their civilengineeringskills to variouscountries within and outside the Asian continent. They offer cheap services that are of highquality as compared to otherdevelopedcountries. China has a highfavoured in terms of mineralsandresources, whichincludethingssuch as crudeoils, iron, and copper. Themainsource of revenues in Chinese economy is Exports. According to the paper Chinese peopleproducemore than whatthey domestically consume. Their exports come from domestic surplus. Banks have come in within China economy to help in theflow of income. Banks have financed viable business ideas amongst the Chinese entrepreneurs in order to exploittheavailableresourcesfor their benefits, as well as theworld as a whole. Investment has flourishedfollowingthereadilyavailablecapital from banks that is offered to lowerrates. Thegovernment of China has contributed by its initiativescreatingenablingenvironmentforinnovationandbusiness. Chinese government has increased its publicrelations with othercountries in an effort to createmarkets to its citizen. Thegovernment has alsodevelopedfinancinginitiatives of offeringcapital to potential investors at relativelyverylowcost of processing andrepayment. There are two majorstockmarkets in china’s economy. Thesemarketsincludethe shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen stockexchanges.  

Corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate strategy - Essay Example The sections outlined include; evaluation of growth strategies, implementation of the various models and identification and evaluation of strategies for internal improvement of the company. These various models are discussed at length and a conclusive recommendation, drawn on the best way McDonalds can retain its position as a leading market player in the fast food industry. McDonalds is a group of fast food restaurant companies. According to a previous study, the company stands as the world’s largest chain serving more than 119 countries across the world (Maria, 2013); however, it is faced with many challenges and threats. In this report, strategic measures that can be implemented by McDonalds to curb various challenges that hinder its growth and development are discussed. It involves an in-depth discussion of analysis of several management models and possible suggestions that will help the company with implementation of better ways to solve the challenges and hence retain its glory as market leader in the fast food industry. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG), a worldwide management consultancy firm, developed a BCG model that for investment and growth (BCG, 2014). The company can be divided into strategic business units according to their market shares and growth rates to enable a concise evaluation of the model. Cash cows; according to the model, this is where the company has high market share in a much slower growing industry. They generate a reasonable amount of cash used to maintain the business although it is given low investment which usually leads to wastage in a low-growth industry. In McDonald’s, sale of a vast array of fast food products fall under the cash cow category. Dogs; they are units with low market share in a mature and slow-growing industry. They usually don’t generate enough cash, although they are used by investors

Evaluation essay of movie home alone Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of movie home alone - Essay Example The Christmas mood begins with background music that reflects Christmas songs. Viewers therefore get a belief that that is where most focus of the movie will lie. However, a great suspense develops early in the movie when Kevin’s parents leave for Paris without him. More characters appear in the film when the parents of Kevin leave for Paris. Close ups are used to introduce the characters while mid shots are employed during conversations. A selection of natural dress code shows a normal family image, for instance the appearance of the mother of Kevin in a long dress shows that she is an elderly mother. The suburb Chicago shows that Kevin is from a rich family and the lighting further emphasizes the festive season. The acting was well done. The main actors are Macaulay Culkin, who plays the role of eight-year boy called Kevin and two burglars, Daniel Stern and Joe Pesci. In addition, the actors mind their language. This has made the suitable for all family viewing. The movie commences with Kevin’s family giving an impression of them as the main characters with Kevin as the protagonist because he is an only child. Even so, the story develops quickly with Kevin as the main character and more characters appear. Culkin had many scenes to play, which he did well. His high level of confidence and self-esteem is also a contributing factor to success of the story. The woman playing the role of Kevin’s mother uses little makeup. For that reason, she appears more mature with a motherly figure. This is further emphasized by her dressing code. The story line of the movie is just amazing. There is a striking balance between religion, family life and just some stupid ideas that bring out the comic feel of the movie. The family life is clear at the beginning of the movie when Kevin and the parents chat happily. Towards the end of the movie, there is an expression of socialization. This happens when

Employee Turnover and Retention Strategies Essay

Employee Turnover and Retention Strategies - Essay Example Every department, be it operations, finance, human resources, or sales and marketing, must invest in motivating, training, and retaining their best human resources to make a difference through their core competencies. As Susan Heathfield said: "Managers readily agree that retaining your best employees ensures customer satisfaction, product sales, satisfied co-workers and reporting staff, effective succession planning and deeply imbedded organizational knowledge and learning." Today organisations are willing to look upon their staff not so much as employees or workers but as 'knowledge workers'. As Peter Drucker observed, "while the more than fifty-fold increase in productivity of the manual worker was the greatest achievement of the 20th century manager, the most important work of the 21st century is to increase the productivity of the knowledge worker." (Pottruck and Pearce, 131). The more competent workers your company or organisation loses, the more will it set your clock back in finding and training suitable replacements at much greater costs. In the meantime your loss becomes your competitor's gain, which again has adverse implications on the success of your operations. Among the major causes that propelled employees to quit an organisation, the following conditions mostly relating to work culture have been identified as contributing to employee dissatisfaction and consequent exit: Lack of clarity in company policies, practices, and procedures Excessive controls and autocratic leadership Bureaucratic work environment with lack of trust Inadequate remuneration and unjustified cost cuts Poor quality of supervision Lack of opportunities for growth Absence of facilities for training and development Lack of scope for utilization of skills and talents Poor communication (with the employee not knowing what is expected of him daily) Lack of rewards, recognition and encouragement Unfair and inequitable treatment of employees Overbearing attitude and threatening by supervisors The Case of Solution's Solution's began operations on a small scale in 1967 as a recruitment agency for social care specialists. Headquartered in London, Solution's expanded in a big way in four decades to establish itself as the largest social care agency in the UK, with 160 employees spread over18 branches. The year 2004 proved to be a disappointment for the company in terms of financial performance, compelling it to slash commissions given to consultants for recruitment mostly in branches located in London. The weak performance also resulted in the retrenchment of up to 15 branch administers, apart from the voluntary exit of many employees who signed up with rival agencies. An analysis showed that the major cause for high employee turnover (91%) in 2004 was the cost reduction strategy adopted by the company. With a view to putting the operations back on rail, the company opted for a change of leadership at the top. A new managing director joined the board in January 2005 with a mission to improve the health of the company in general and the turnover situation in particular. He believed that the key to success through increased sales lay in ensuring employee satisfaction. Accordingly he straightway set about implementing certain remedial and innovative measures for a

The supply of goods act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The supply of goods act - Essay Example The Sale and Supply of Goods Act and The Supply of Goods and Services Act both play prominent role is the initial part of this presentation. The Supply of Goods Act was used to shape the premise and establish the fact that a transaction had in fact transpired and on the basis of the set of circumstances which accompanied this transaction, the new for the incorporation of the Supply of Goods and services Act of 1982 became necessary in pointing out a possible resolution... The Supplier of a service acting in the course of business in England, Wales and Northern Ireland to carry out a service with reasonable care and skill and, unless agreed to the contrary, within a reasonable time and make no more than a reasonable charge. Albeit in the case of our presentation example, the item was newly purchased, so it is safe to assume that it was still under warranty, therefore no charges were incurred, on behalf of the purchaser. All other terms previously mentioned apply, unless they have been excluded and there are no strict limits on the circumstances in which an exclusion or variation will be effective. If the supplier can not carry out the work with reasonable care and skill the law treats this matter as a breach of contract and the consumer can seek redress. It is on the points of reasonable care and skill, which the consumer bases the principle cause in this instance for seeking redress. ... It emphatically states that a tradesman or professional has a 'duty of care' towards all property. As we will find in the presentation, the common phrase 'duty of care', hinges on the crux of the issue of which we are confronted. This principle has far reaching scope and breadth, because it requires one to address matters which might happen or should be foreseen to happen if the proper or industry standard procedures are not adhered too by the professional technician. The 'duty of care' also evolves around the skill and care which a responsible person must consider while performing a task which is considered to be important, and to which their dependability and skill has been entrusted. In the absence of this duty of care, there is a definite case of negligence. This presentation also focuses its attention on Employment Law, as it relates to what appears to be a summary dismissal. It points out that even though an employer might feel there is justifiable cause to dismiss an employee, one must never forget that there is a statutory process on how this must be carried out. Whenever the proscribed steps are ignored, the employer leaves his company vulnerable to an assessment, and possibly, even sanctions. Additionally, not only is the process a legal necessity, the language used by the employer in addressing the issue to the employee is also critical to the validity and fairness of the process. In this particular instance with Jim and Asif, the harassment act, surfaces to compound the problem for the company. 3

Target group analysis of RedBull in UK Coursework

Target group analysis of RedBull in UK - Coursework Example The products also targeted the credibility of those that were involved in interaction with the young target audience (RED BULL GMBH v POTTERS LTD, 2013). The young group was the main target through the promotion and sales. Those that were close such as disc jokers were also target as they were able to promote the product more. Education that was carried out on the product-targeted consumers that are thought might need a lift. The places that were much explored with the sales include those that were in building and construction sites and those that were in offices. Those involved in the brand and product marketing use the local knowledge that they have to increase sale of the product. High profile marketing of the company has focused on maintaining a link with extreme sports. The sponsor that the company has given to two Formula one teams has enabled reaching the youthful energetic audience that has been the target (RED BULL GMBH v POTTERS LTD, 2013). The groups of consumer that have been targeted in all the activities of the company are those that use more energy as the product is an energy drink. The groups are mainly those in the youthful sage, those that are involve in sporting activities and also any of those that carry out activities that require more

Analysis of a Non-Profit Organization Assignment

Analysis of a Non-Profit Organization - Assignment Example According to the research study it is moral obligation of every individual to give back something to the community that has helped the individual to earn a living. Therefore, some people just contribute back to society by providing financial assistance while others dedicate their lives just to serve the ones in need. Non-profit organizations can operate in different fields like medical research, development programs, and health services and so on. The type of NPO that really interests me is Maryland Angels, which is a NPO that conducts research and treatments for cancer patients.   This paper stresses that  starting a non-profit organization is certainly one of the most inspiring way through which one can help those in need and give back to the community. The first and most important thing here is to always remember that serving community is more important than making money. Ironically, monetary contributions are equally important. Hence, the members serving the NPO will have to carefully balance monetary needs. This is also one of the reasons as to why it takes many years to sustain and grow a non-profit entity.  A non-profit organization’s success or failure is totally dependent on its foundations. The stronger the foundations the more people in the society would come forward to contribute.  Making a non-profit organization attractive to donors is probably the most difficult task. Not only has the very survival of the organization is depended on it but also an indication that the society is accepting it.

The Development of Eating Disorders Dissertation

The Development of Eating Disorders - Dissertation Example Exploring the development of eating disorders, both on an individual and societal level is also important in such a study, and thus this paper will discuss how Westernization and eating disorder prevalence exhibit positive correlation in the literature. Body image dissatisfaction is also an important factor in the development of eating disorders and as such information has been gathered from different cultures to illustrate the link, again providing more evidence for a sociological basis for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder development in individuals. The conclusion of this paper was that the media, particularly the internet, plays a significant role in the development of the eating disorder, particularly in different social and cultural groups of people. Table of Contents Eating Disorders 3 Introduction 4 Hypothesis 7 Literature Review 8 Participants 21 Results 22 Discussion 28 Conclusion 35 Recommendations 37 References 39 Eating Disorders A brief descrip tion of the eating disorders discussed below is necessary to explain some of the behaviors and influences described. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is identified in an individual who refuses to maintain a healthy body weight and has an excessive fear of weight gain (Barker, 2003, p98). AN is associated with, more so than with other eating disorders, body image dissatisfaction and a distorted self-image (Rosen, Reiter & Orosan, 1995, p78). AN patients can also display behaviors associated with BN such as purging, but are diagnostically anorexic due to maintaining a weight below 85% of what is considered healthy and three consecutive months of amenorrhea (Polivy & Herman, 2002, p188). The average age of onset for AN is 17 (Barker, 2003, p98) although studies show this is becoming lower with time (Favaro et al., 2009). Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia nervosa is characterized by food restriction, as in AN, interspersed with short periods of overeating (also known a s binge eating) that results in feelings of guilt, low self-esteem or panic. These periods of overeating are often followed by purging mechanisms such as purposeful vomiting, laxative use or excessive exercise (Barker, 2003, p102).

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Human resource - Essay Example The limitations of this report would be the non-availability of the minute details of Google’s HR policies on account of sensitivity of the information. Our research, thus, would purely be based on available information. Let us begin by gathering a basic understanding about Human Resource Management (HRM). â€Å"The field of HRM is not one that exists in isolation. Rather, its part of a larger field of management. Reinforcing many new philosophies like that of work force diversity, downsizing, reengineering, total quality management (TQM), outsourcing and supporting this effort has made HRM an even more vital component of the management team. Similarly, the strategic nature of HRM continues to gain acceptance as more organizations look to ensure that they have the right number of the right people at the right time and in the right place.† (Sadarrudin, 2001) â€Å"The review of the HRM models emphasizes a number of differences between the ‘new’ HRM and traditional personnel management. These include: strategic planning, focus on the psychological contract, importance of learning in the workplace, focus on the individual (unitarism), importance of leadership and proactiveness, a focus on line managers and an attention to measuring HR performance outcomes.† (Bratton and Gold, 2003) â€Å"Co-founders Larry Page, president of Products, and Sergey Brin, president of Technology, brought Google to life in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 10,000 employees worldwide, with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry. Eric Schmidt joined Google as chairman and chief executive officer in 2001.† (Google, 2009) Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin named the search engine they built "Google," a play on the word "googol," the mathematical term for a 1 followed by 100 zeros. (Page and Brin, 1998). The name reflects the immense volume of

Casque d'Or (Golden Marie) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Casque d'Or (Golden Marie) - Movie Review Example The document below reviews the film. Marie is depicted in the film as a woman of significant beauty. She is, however, distressed by the way Roland is treating her. Roland is a criminal and also among the local syndicate. After Marie was introduced to Georges, who was a humble carpenter, she instantly fell in love with him although he was a stranger to her. Roland became jealous after meeting Marie and Georges for several times. He decided to confront Georges. He did it behind a club where his syndicate members were watching. Georges, however, gained control of a knife and killed Roland. Everybody fled after police arrived including Marie, who sought refuge from syndicate at the nearby village (Leahy 7). Georges also decided to flee out of that town. He was, however, enticed to an engagement with Marie by a note that was sent by her. The two started living a peaceful life in a neighboring village. This continued until Georges was informed that Raymond had been arrested for Roland’s murder. This was Felix’s plan, who was the syndicate’s leader. He placed blame on Raymond so as to bring Georges out of a hiding place and win Marie’s control. Without realizing the plan, Georges confessed to the police that he was the real killer. When Raymond was being transported between jails, he broke free after being helped by a diversion by Marie (Deluermoz et al. 34). Georges seeks Felix, immediately to seek revenge. He found him in police presence and killed him. Georges was sentenced to die by guillotine because of the two murders. Marie is revealed very broken and in horror as she watched Georges being executed. The world of petty prostitutes and criminals in Paris is presented directly and simply. The Paris community is revealed as neither rendered gratuitously squalid nor romanticized. Paris  is, however, complex in its right. Although the film’s plot recounts a tragic series of murder, treachery, and death by

Improwing Service Delivery in University of Derby Research Proposal

Improwing Service Delivery in University of Derby - Research Proposal Example University collaborations at all levels are important to delivering world-class research and strengthening the overall contribution of the laboratories to the nation's research enterprise. In addition, the interaction with university researchers increases the quality and impact of the user facilities and helps to improve them. b.) Project the necessary security facilities and assistance that the university can provide to foreign and local students. Other helpful facilities can include a university cafeteria, cultural book shop, mini grocery, wi-fi zones, sport facilities, and parking spaces. Since the investment is financially feasible, the dormitory could be built in the future. (i)To evaluate the benefits or otherwise of these facilities provisions to both the university and students' communities. (ii)To critically analyse the effectiveness of these facilities in the university communities. (iii)To suggest guidelines for improving and enhancing these services. Forte (2003) stated that some US colleges have adopted SEVIS in order to monitor and access current information on nonimmigrant students which is a way of protecting the safety of the student body. Charles Fletcher Jr (2005) stated that the University of Delaware has built a comprehensive identity management infrastructure using Siemens' HiPath Security solutions. The users adopt a credit card-sized SIcurity smartcards which manages the students' access to both physical facilities and information systems. Another system, the MetaDirectory coordinates with on-campus database applications to ensure that identity information such as electronic access credentials, is always current. The system provides a single point of access that processes requests when enabling and revoking users' security privileges. The smartcards provide tamper-proof storage for passwords and account numbers. With a single sign-on process, any student with an authorized ID and password can use the card to access t he internet and applications on school computers.Coppola et.al., (2001) discussed the establishment of the department of corporate security services for John Hopkins Medical Center in 1994. This in-house security team did a thorough

If you were planning a new undergraduate nursing program, what is one Coursework

If you were planning a new undergraduate nursing program, what is one nursing theory( grand or middle -range) that you would incorporate into the curriculum Explain your reasoning - Coursework Example Therefore, in order to guarantee the establishment of an adequate foundation, the nursing curriculum should be designed to include Watson’s theory of human caring. Nursing revolves around the care, and the theory of human caring holds that human interpersonal relations are the primary aspects of caring (Watson, 2008). The primary ideas of Watson’s theory of human caring are grounded on the assumption that the principle and basis of nursing exist in caring science as the root of the profession of nursing (Watson, 2008). The human caring connection is transpersonal because it portrays a unique association with the other person. In such a transpersonal relationship, the students can be taught on how to understand the patient by showing compassion and care (Watson, 2008). Watson’s theory of human caring can offer a guide to nursing learners on how to enter into the patients’ world and form a union with them. Additionally, Watson’s theory of human caring gives ten carative aspects that nurses can observe as interventions that express the association between caring and love (Watson, 2008). Therefore, the theory of human c aring and the ten carative aspects can adequately guide nursing learners in their interpersonal relationships with patients and

Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design - Assignment Example The educator must teach in euphoric mood and in learning environment, must focus on the practical activities, so that to get better results. The lesson must be described along with the labelled diagrams where necessary, because with the help of AV-AIDS (Audio Visual Aids) students can get and seek good knowledge and can learn more about it. Thus the use of these aids including charts, maps, boards, some audio or video documentaries, presentations, projects, assignments and practical activities may help the students to understand the lesson. It is essential for a good educator not only to teach well but also to assess the students, actually, in order to assess his own teaching strategy, that whether the students are getting benefit from his teaching skills or that was just in vain. In this way, by assessing the students, firstly, a teacher can assess himself and his own teaching skills, so that he may change his teaching strategy, to help the students. Secondly, teacher can get an idea about the brilliant students as well as about the average ones and so on. In order to assess the students, an educator may apply numerous methods and approaches, to judge their mental ability. An educator may apply or use the method by making a rubric to assess his students, that rubric must contain that elements and strategies that are helpful to check or judge the students. A rubric must have following three main

Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes Essay Example for Free

Unit One Grade 12 Biology Study Notes Essay Lipids (Fats, phospholipids, sterols) Fats used to insulate the body as well as protect organs SATURATED -better for you -one or more double bonds between carbons -less hydrogens -oils (sunflower, flax) -lower melting point UNSATURATED -worse for you -single bonds between carbons -more hydrogens -animal fats -higher melting points Phospholipid -2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group -hydrophobic tails -hydrophilic heads Phospholipid Bilayer Groupings of phospholipids move together and create a protective membrane with the hydrophilic heads one the outside and very inside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails facing one another. Sterols -4 hydrocarbon chains fused together -many functional groups attached CHOLESTEROL -a big part of the cell membrane cells turn cholesterol into vitamin D and bile salts Carbohydrates (mono, di, poly saccharides) Monosaccharides- hold energy and store it for cellular respiration Simple sugars – provide short term energy and storage -most common one is Glucose (C6H12O) -glactose and fructose are chemical isomers meaning they have the same chemical formula but different structures. Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides combined glucose + glucose = maltose Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides combined together to create STARCH, CELLULOSE and GLYCOGEN Starch (amylose-simpler diagram)- long term energy and storage Glycogen (more branched diagram) unused glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for later use Cellulose- plant cells are made of this which is why they are rigid. Used in digestion in humans, cleans out colon and intestines. Proteins – building blocks of life Amino acids – organic compound containing an amino and a carboxyl group Have R-groups or side chains that are responsible for how it bonds with other amino acids. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds. NON POLAR LIKES NON POLAR POLAR LIKES POLAR POSITIVE LIKES NEGATIVE Primary structure A bunch of amino acids bind together through a certain sequence coded in the DNA -the number and order of acids is specific to each different protein Secondary Structure Peptide chains begin to bond with each other through the r groups. Bonds done in the secondary structure are usually done between amino acids close together. This causes the polypeptide chain to become ALPHA HELIX or a BETA PLEATED SHEET -main bonds are hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl and oxygen atoms Tertiary Structure More bonds occur between amino acids but this time they are father apart from each other causing it to bend and fold even more 4 bonds DISULPHIDE BOND- a bond between cysteine amino acids ELECTROSTATIC BOND- an ionic bond between negative a positive side chains HYDROGEN BONDS- a bond between polar r-groups HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS- a bond between non-polar r-groups Quatrinary Structure Highest level of organization The bonding of two or more tertiary proteins, making a lot of proteins into functional proteins. Dehydration synthesis- removal of h2o and putting two molecules together Hydrolasis- adding of water and breaking apart two molecules Redox- give an electron away = oxidized, getting an electron = reduced Homeostasis The constant state cells try to be Certain things pass in and out of the cell at specific times and rates so that the internal environment stays stable. Concentration gradient- difference between and are of high and an area of low concentration Brownian motion- the continuous movement and collision between molecules in a liquid Passive transport – needs no energy Simple diffusion- the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration. Small uncharged molecules like oxygen are passed through the membrane of a cell easily so that the cell can have oxygen. Osmosis- movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from and area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration SITUATIONS Facilitated diffusion- movement of molecules that are too big to be passed through the phospholipid bilayer or are not lipid soluble. Protiens throughout the membrane assist with the movement Carrier protiens – move only specific molecules. Bind to that molecule and go through a series of movements and shape changing to move the molecule into the cell and then goes through those steps again to return to its original shape. Channel protiens- proteins with a hole in the middle that allows bigger molecules to pass in and out of the cell. Active transport- requires extra energy Cells need higher concentrations of certain nutrients to survive so sometimes molecules are moved against the concentration gradient using applied energy. moving them against the concentration gradient is active transport Sodium potassium pump Bulk transportation Not many materials are too big to pass through the cell membrane. For those that cant, the cell membrane can wrap around the molecule to absorb it. Endocytosis -when the cell wraps around the molecule to absorb it -pinocytosis- cell â€Å"drinking†, small drop of extracellular fluid with small molecules within it (most common) -phagocytosis- cell â€Å"eating†, large drop of extracellular fluid with organic or bacterial molecules Exocytosis -when the vesicle moves to the outside. The vesicle fixes the cell membrane and the contents are moved out of the cell Cell membrane Acts as a barrier for the cell, protecting the internal environment from the external environment. Cell membranes around the cell as well as around the organelles. -regulates what goes in and out of the cells and organelles 4 components= phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates phospholipid bilayer 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, phosphate group, + choline group provides the physical barrier separates the extracellular fluids from the intracellular fluids proteins GLOBULAR -integral= bound in the hydrophobic interior of the cell -peripheral=bound in the hydrophilic exterior of the cell FIBROUS -figments of the cytoskeleton= microtubules creating a framework for the membrane cholesterol act as patching system and gives the cell fluidity carbohydrates can connect to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and act as communicators between cells Enzymes Biological catalysts Speed up reactions 1000000x Reduce required reaction energy Very sensitive to their environment When exposed to extreme conditions they can â€Å"denature† and become completely dysfunctional Aren’t created nor destroyed during a reaction pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme because they will only work at there maximum when in the perfect conditions. Anything other than that wont be optimal and eventually cause the enzyme to denature. Enzymes are proteins with a depression called the active site. R groups stick out of the active side and attract substrates with similar R groups. The catalyzing occurs in the active site. How is the active site shape determined by the 4 levels of protein structure? -polypeptide chain- sequence of amino acids and how the r groups react with eachother which causes a shape -then they fold and bend into secondary and tertiary structure causing for the final shape -the substrate is polar so the r groups facing out into the active site have to have some sort of polarity to attract it. SIMPLE ENZYMES- enzymes made only of protein and the function results from the 3D arrangement of the amino acids CONJUGATED ENZYMES- enzymes with both protein and non protein parts a) apoenzyme- protein part of the enzyme b) cofactor-non protein part, close to active site. WITHIN A COFACTOR -coenzyme= vitamins that are altered during a reaction. These have to be replaced by unaltered molecules before a new substrate can attach -activators=minerals (metal ions) not only do environmental factors (pH and temperature) effect enzymes but substances can inhibit the actions of an enzyme. Competitive inhibiters- so similar to the substrate that they enter the active site and block the substrate from bonding with the enzyme. This can be reversed by adding more concentration of the substrate. Non-competitive inhibiters- attach to a different part of the enzyme and cause the shape to change so the substrates cant bond correctly Allosteric sites- some enzymes have allosteric sites a ways away from the active site. When substrates attach to it they can inhibit or simulate enzyme activity. Binding an activator to an allosteric site stabilizes the proteins conformation and leaves all active sites open. Binding an allosteric inhibitor stabilizes inactive forms of the enzyme.

Fresh Direct Essay Example for Free

Fresh Direct Essay I. Statement and description of central issue (1 page; 2 minutes) II. Identification/description of alternatives (2 pages; 4 minutes) III. Rationale for selection of best alternative (3 pages; 6 minutes) IV. Description of implementation plan (1 page; 2 minutes) V. Conclusion (1/2 page; 1 minute) Statement/description of central issue †¢ Clearly states issue to be responded to with recommendations †¢ Explains underlying tension to justify why this is an issue †¢ Cites case facts as evidence to clarify why uncertainty requires attention Identification/description of alternatives †¢ Presents viable possible solutions to central issue †¢ Explains how each proposed alternative will address/resolve central issue Rationale for selection of best alternative †¢ Explains pros/cons of each alternative †¢ Explains why chosen alternative is preferred to others despite limitations Analysis †¢ Uses facts and data from case appropriately †¢ Uses appropriate techniques and frameworks December 10, 2012 Group 12H Kaizer Budhwani Chanwoo Lee â€Å"Our food is fresh, our customers are spoiled. Order on the web today and get next-day delivery of the best food at the best price, exactly the way you want it, with 100 percent satisfaction guaranteed.† Section. I – Statement and description of central issue FreshDirect was launched in July 2001 and it offers over 5,000 perishable products and 3,000 packaged goods through online shopping and delivery service to more than 300 zip codes in New York City, Long Island, New Jersey, and Connecticut. The central issue for FreshDirect which came as the online grocery retailing business continued to mature is environmental concerns. First, because of the conveyor packing system at the central processing facility in Long Island, FreshDirect is forced to use lots of cardboard boxes to deliver the groceries. Produce came in on box, dry goods in another, and a single tube of toothpaste in its separate cardboard delivery container. Although FreshDirect had transitioned to the use of 100 percent postconsumer recycled paper, the reusability of the cardboard boxes is limited. There is no system of returning them to FreshDirect to be recycled. Second, the additional exhaust fumes that FreshDirect trucks contribute to the urban atmosphere is an environmental issue. As the company relies on the central processing facility in order to avoid expensive rent for a retail space, the company uses its owned refrigerated trucks which can hold 500 orders to deliver the goods to their customer’s doorsteps and office parking lots. When the minimum order is $30 and the company’s revenue is $250 million, anyone can guess how many trucks have been operated and produced exhaust fumes. Third, FreshDirect trucks double parked in busy city streets had only made the traffic congestion problems worse. The trucks park in city streets in order to deliver goods to each customer’s doorsteps and it takes substantial amount of time. Section. II – Identification and description of alternatives In order to reduce the amount of cardboard boxes usage, FreshDirect can promote recycle system. Every time when customers finish orders, the company emphasizes on the after-order page that if the customer returns the cardboard boxes, FreshDirect will give credits to the customer for the next purchase discount. This promotion will increase customers’ awareness of recyclability of the cardboard boxes and encourage them to return the boxes to a delivery agent. Another alternative to the cardboard boxes usage is to use the current SAP manufacturing software system to reduce the cardboard boxes usage. Instead of putting almost everything separately, develop a software system that will figure out the minimum number of cardboard boxes used to pack an order. This will reduce the cardboard boxes usage in the first place. In order to reduce the additional exhaust fumes that FreshDirect trucks contribute to the urban atmosphere, FreshDirect will use electric trucks and hybrid trucks that will consume less or no gas at all. With the recent electric and hybrid car movement, FreshDirect could get fund from government which will help the company to buy trucks needed. Another alternative to the additional exhaust fumes is the company to build partnerships with local retail stores to hold onto FreshDirect customers’ packaged goods. FreshDirect will pay handsome money to local retailers and customers will pay less on delivery charges due to the customers themselves picking up the goods at the local retailers. FreshDirect will operate fewer routes and produce less exhaust fumes since the delivery agent will drop off packaged goods in one place. In order to solve the traffic congestion problems, FreshDirect will also apply the system of partnering with local retailers. Instead of the delivery truck parked on a city street and delivers the goods to each customer’s houses, if the delivery is made at one place, the truck will save some time on delivery and it will reduce traffic congestion. One alternative is instead of hiring just a delivery person at a minimum wage, hire experience delivery person and train them with high quality training program in order to achieve faster and efficient delivery process. The delivery time reduction will reduce traffic congestion. Another alternative is to build a partnership with existing delivery service companies such as FedEx or UPS. This partnership will reduce the number of FreshDirect trucks running. If the goods don’t required refrigerating, then another delivery service company can deliver them and reduce traffic congestions.

Fischer Esterification of Isopentyl Acetate

Fischer Esterification of Isopentyl Acetate Brendaliz Bonilla Chemistry Department Susquehanna University Abstract Esters are prepared in many ways and one of which is through Fischer Esterification. Using this method, esters are produced by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a concentrated acid catalyst.1 The purpose of reflux is to heat a reaction mixture at its boiling temperature to form products, without losing any of the compounds in the reaction flask. To exploit Le Chateliers principle and shift the position of the equilibrium to the right, an excess of one of the reactants were added to the reaction mixture.1 The reaction mechanism involves initial protonation of the carboxyl group, nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl, proton transfer, and loss of water followed by loss of the catalyzing acid to produce the ester.2 The process is thermodynamically controlled yielding the most stable ester product. Typically, only primary and secondary alcohols are used in the Fisher method since tertiary alcohols are prone to elimination.3 In this lab, a Fisher Esterification w as performed to synthesize isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid as seen in figure 1. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of the preparation of isopentyl acetate by Fischer Esterification. Experimental Instruments Used: A Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR was used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A mixture of 5.0mL (4.111g) of isopentyl alcohol, 7.0mL of glacial acetic acid, and 1mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to a 25mL round-bottomed flask.   The round-bottomed flask was hooked to the reflux apparatus and the mixture was brought to a boil for an hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, placed into an ice bath, and put in a separatory funnel with 10mL of water.   The funnel was shaken vigorously and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained from the separatory funnel into a beaker.   5mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate was then put into the separatory funnel.   The separatory funnel was shaken and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained into the same beaker.   5mL of saturated sodium chloride was added to the contents of the separatory funnel.   The separatory funnel was shaken and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained into a differen t beaker.   The mixture that was left in the separatory funnel was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask with 1g of anhydrous sodium sulfate.   The flask was corked and was left to sit for 10 to 15 minutes.   The mixture was transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and .503g of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added.   A distillation apparatus was assembled with the receiving flask immersed in an ice bath.   The mixture was transferred into a round-bottomed flask and attached to the distillation apparatus.   The product that was now in the receiving flask was then weighed.   The percent yield was determined and an IR was done on the product. Results and Discussion At the end of the experiment, a successful esterification was performed from the starting acetic acid, using isopentenyl alcohol to make the product of Isopentyl acetate. The reactants were heated using a reflux apparatus so that the product would not be lost, helping serve as a catalyst in the reaction.1 Any remaining water left over from the esterification process was dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ester, isopentyl acetate was synthesized, which had the smell of bananas. In this experiment, 3.99 g of isopentyl acetate was formed by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol, as seen in table 1. The sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst in the reaction. Table 1: The weight of the final product collect, percent yield, and result of the IR spectrum. Weight (grams) 3.99 g Percent yield 61.8% IR Peaks (cm-1) 2954, 1747, 1231, and 1056 cm-1 An excess of isopentyl acetate was used to shift the reaction to the right so that esterification could occur. During isolation, the excess acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol was removed with sodium bicarbonate, and the isopentyl acetate was further purified after through drying with anhydrous sulfate and through distillation. The excess acetic acid was used in order for the reaction to favor esterification. An excess of isopentyl alcohol could have been used instead to form isopentyl acetate; however excess acetic acid is easier to remove from the products than isopentyl alcohol because isopentyl acetate and isopentyl alcohol are similar in structure and therefore, prefer to be in the same layer of the solution. Since sodium carbonate is a base, it is used in the extraction of acetic acid because it turns acetic acid into a conjugate base or sodium acetate which is more soluble in water. The equation for this acid-base extraction is: CH3COOH+NaCHO3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢CH3COO-Na + H2CO3 . The percent yield of the isopentyl acetate was 61.9 % (as seen in table 1) with a theoretical yield of 6.44g. In the experiment, the acetic acid was in excess and the isopentyl alcohol was the limiting reagent, therefore, the reaction depended on the amount of isopentyl alcohol available. This experiment was successful because the smell of bananas was achieved along with the percent yield attained of 61.9%. Some of the errors that might have occurred included not properly/fully draining the aqueous layers after the reflux, and that the solution may have not completely dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. For the IR spectrum data, the -C-CO 2R stretch characteristic of an ester is visible in the pure isopentyl acetate IR spectrum in the 1735-1745 cm -1 range. The -C-H stretches are visible just below 3000 cm -1, and the -C-O and -CO 2 stretches appear as several peaks in the 1050-1300 cm -1 range, which can be seen in Appendix E. The product resulted in major IR peaks at 2954, 1747, 1 231, and 1056 cm-1. These results indicate that our isopentyl acetate product is very pure, as the peaks are nearly identical to the expected peaks. The peak at 2954 indicates the C-H bond. The peak at 1747 indicates the aldehyde (C=O). The peak at 1231 indicates methyl group. The peak at 1056 indicates residual acetic acid (R-Cl), which can be seen on Appendix D-G. Conclusion The major product that was formed from the Fischer Esterification of isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid was isopentyl acetate. This is because the ester formed is the equatorial position, which makes the compound more stable than cis-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. Based on the experiment that was conducted the synthesis of isopentyl acetate from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol could be done by a Fisher Esterification reaction, and the percent yield of the product is about 61.9%. References Experiment 4 Background. Experiment 4 Background. Web. Accessed: 15 Feb. 2017. http://www.reed.edu/chemistry/alan/201_202/lab_manual/Expt_banana_oil/background.html. Mutual Solubility of Water and Aliphatic Alcohols. Mutual Solubility of Water and Aliphatic Alcohols Journal of Chemical Engineering Data (ACS Publications). Web. Accessed: 15 Feb. 2017. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je00037a019. Alcohol Reactivity. Alcohol Reactivity. Web. Accessed:17 Feb. 2017. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/alcohol1.htm. Appendix A: Finding the Limiting Reagent Grams X 1 mol / molecular weight = moles of reactant Glacial Acetic Acid: 8.5 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 60.05 g/mol = 0.142 mol Isopentyl Alcohol: (4.37 g X 1 mol) / 88.15 g/mol = 0.0459 mol Appendix B: Calculating Theoretical Yield of Isopentyl Acetate (Moles of limiting reagent X molar ratio X molecular weight of product) / 1 mol = theoretical yield (0.0459 X 130.19) / 1 mol = 6.44 g Appendix C: Calculating Percent Yield (Actual / theoretical) X 100% = percent yield (3.99 g/ 6.44 g) X 100% = 61.9%

The Crude Oil Distillation Engineering Essay

The Crude Oil Distillation Engineering Essay Basically, the product produced in this process can be categoried into 4 group, they are: light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and others. The example of light distillates are liquid petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, and kerosene. Apart from that, the products that can be classified as middle distillates are residential heating fuel and aautomoblie diesel fuels. Additionally, bunker fuel oils is an example of heavy distillataes, while petroleum cokes, lubricating oils and carban black are the other products in this distillation process. The brief description of crude oil distillation unit (CDU) process is as follow. First of all, the incoming crude oils is heating up before it is entering the fractionation column by heat exchanger. After that, the crude oil will pass through an equipment, called desalter, to remove water droplets and inorganic salts that contained in crude oil. Then, it will be further heating by heat exchanger. Next, crude oil will enter a furnace. At here, it will be heating up to 330-350 Â °C. The crude oil then is flashed in the atmospheric distillation column. At here, it is separated into a number of fraction with a particular boiling range. When each fraction in the distillation column reaches a tray where the temperature is just below its own boiling point, crude oil will be condensed and changes back into liquid phase. Moreover, heaviest fractions will condense on the lower trays and lighter fractions will condense on the higher trays in the column. At different elevations in the column, the fractions actually can be drawn out on gravity through pipes, for further processing in the refinery process by using a special trays called draw-off trays. The fraction is drawn out from the top, side and bottom of the distillation column. These fraction is the products that produced in this distallation process. Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU) For vacuum distillation unit (VDU), its main purpose is to separate the heavier end products such as vacuum gas oil and slop wax that is from the atmospheric distillation unit. The brief description of the process is as follow. First of all, heavy crude oil is heated by a series of heat exchanger and crude furnace to the desired temperature, which is 350-390 Â °C. After that, the crude oils flashed into the vacuum distillation column to separate the heavy crude oil. The separation is same as the separation in CDU process; light vapors rise to the top and heavier hydrocarbon liquids fall to the bottom. Next, crude steam is injected into the base of the distillation column to enhance the division of lighter boiling components from the bottom liquid. Then, Light vapour gases are abtracted at the top of the distillation column, it is condensed and recycled back to the column as reflux. For light naphtha, it is drawn off and excess gases are sent to flare. However, vacuum gas oil (VGO) and lubricating oils are drawn off and routed for further treatment in hydrotreating units. Apart from that, vacuum residue from the bottom of the distillation column is sent to intermediate storage or typically to be further processed in fluidic catalytic cracking (FCC) process or delayed coking unit. Fluid Catalytic Cracking Fluid catalytic cracking is the primary conversion process in petroleum refinery. It is the unit which utilizes a micro-spherodial catalyst (zeolitic catalyst) which fluidizes when properly aerated. The purpose of this process is to convert high-boiling petroleum fractions (gas oil) to high-value, high-octane gasoline and heating oil. This process uses the instrument called Circulating Fluidized Bed. This Circulating Fluidized Bed has fast fluidization regime and also good for catalyst is the size of less than 0.2 mm. They are also excellent in Gas-solid effective contact, Catalyst effectiveness, Catalyst internal temperature control, and Catalyst regeneration. The operating characteristics of this instrument are; Particle Diameter = 150 mm Geldart Classification = A Temperature = 650 0C Pressure = 100 kPa Superficial gas velocity = 10 m/s Bed depth = 0.85 m Fresh feed flow rate = 300,000 kg/hr Catalyst to oil ratio = 4.8 There are 6 steps of processes that occur in FCC. Reactor, Riser, Cyclones, Stripper, Regenerator, Standpipe and Slide Valve. Firstly, the reactor performance, the feed oil enters the riser near the base and contacts the incoming regenerated catalyst. Then the cracking reactions occur in the vapor phase. The expanded volume of vapors lifts the catalyst and vaporized oil rises. This reaction occurs at a very high speed, usually about few seconds of contact time. Secondly, the riser, which has diameter of 1.2 meters and height of 36.6 meters, has a plug flow with minimum back-mixing. Steam is used to atomize the feed, this increases the availability of the feed. The outlet vapor velocity would reach up to 18 ms -1. The hydrocarbon residence time is 2 seconds. Followed by, Cyclones. It is located at the end of riser to separate the bulk of the catalyst from the vapor. It uses a deflector device to turn catalyst direction downward. It will later undergo two stage cyclones in order to separate the remaining of the catalyst. It then returns the catalyst to the stripper through the diplegs. The product vapors exit the cyclones and flow to the main fractionator column. Then, the spent catalysts fall into the stripper. The valuable hydrocarbons are absorbed within the catalyst bed. Stripping steam, at a rate of 4 kg per 1000 kg of circulating catalyst, is used to strip the hydrocarbons from the catalyst. The catalyst level provides the pressure head which allows the catalyst to flow into the regenerator. The regenerator basically has two functions, one, restores catalyst activity. Two, it supplies heat to crack the feed. Air is the source of oxygen for the combustion of coke. The air blower with 1 m/s (3 ft/s) air velocity to maintain the catalyst bed in a fluidized state. About 14 kPa (2 psi) pressure drops in air distributors to ensure positive air flow through all nozzles. In standpipe and slide valve, it provides the necessary pressure head needed to circulate the catalyst around the unit. The catalyst density in standpipe is 642 kg/m3 (40 lbs/ft3). Slide valve is used to regulate the flow rate of the regenerated catalyst to the riser. Slide valve function is to supply enough catalyst to heat the feed and achieve the desired reactor temperature. Hydrocracking process Crude oil undergoes hydrocracking process after undergoing vacuum distillation and coking processes. Hydrocracking process is a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel and diesel oil. The process takes place in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere at elevated temperatures (260 425 Â °C) and pressures (35 200 bar). This process removes feed contaminants such as nitrogen, sulfur, metals. Hydrogenation occurs in fixed hydrotreating catalyst beds to improve hydrogen/carbon ratios. The size of the molecules must decrease and the atomic H/C ratio must increase if the products are to become useable as conventional fuel products. This is followed by one or more reactors with fixed hydrocracking catalyst beds to dealkylate aromatic rings, open naphthene rings, and hydrocrack paraffin chains. Major products from hydrocracking are jet fuel and diesel, while also high octane rating gasoline fractions is produced. All these products have a very low content of sulfur and other contaminants. Hydrocracking is normally facilitated by a bifunctional catalyst that is capable of rearranging and breaking hydrocarbon chains as well as adding hydrogen to aromatics and olefins to produce naphthenes and alkanes. This process cracks the high-boiling, high molecular weight hydrocarbons into lower-boiling, lower molecular weight olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and then hydrogenates them. Any sulfur and nitrogen present in the hydrocracking feedstock are, to a large extent, also hydrogenated and form gaseous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) which are subsequently removed. The result is that the hydrocracking products are essentially free of sulfur and nitrogen impurities and consist mostly of paraffinic hydrocarbons. Basically, hydrocracking process consist of the splitting or breaking of straight or cyclic hydroca rbons and hydrogenation of the broken bonds. Example: For futher details about the yield and disposition, refer to the table below: Product Yield, volume% feed Disposition Light ends Varies depending upon objectives LPG Naphtha Gasoline, catalytic reformer Diesel Diesel Total volume yield 130 140 Gas oil conversion 60 99% They are two stages of hydrocracking unit; Single Stage Process and Multi Stage Hydrocracker. It is called a single stage process when the treating step is combined with the cracking reaction to occur in one reactor. The catalyst used in a single-stage process comprises a hydrogenation function in combination with a strong cracking function. In the case of high/full conversion is required, it becomes necessary to switch to a multi-stage process, in which the cracking reaction mainly takes place in an added reactor. Two versions of the multi stage hydrocracker have been developed; two stage hydrocracker and series flow hydrocracker. Both two stage and series flow hydrocracking are flexible process. The two stage process is more selective because product made in the first reactor is removed from the second reactor feed. In series flow operation, this product is partly overcracked into lighter products in the second reactor. Schematic of a two-stages hydrocraking unit HYDROTREATING PROCESS (Prepared by DING TIONG SOON, 10UEB01031) Hydrotreating technology is used in refinery processes to remove contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals to produce a clean product for further processing. Hydrotreating process includes Naphtha Hydrotreating, Gasoline Hydrotreating, Mid-Distillate Hydrotreating and FCC Feed Pretreating. The feeds used in this process range from vacuum resid to naphtha , and the products are used as environmentally acceptable clean fuels. In the hydrotreating process oil fractions are reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce high-value clean products. The operating conditions will depend on the final application. The heart of hydrotreating process is the reactor section, which features a high-pressure reactor vessel and proprietary catalyst and reactor internals technology. Hydrotreating process began when the liquid feed stream is joined by a stream of hydrogen-rich recycle gas. The mixture is then preheated by flowing through a heat exchanger. After that, it is heated to the desired hydrotreating temperature using a fired heater where the feed mixture is totally vaporized. Hydrotreating takes place when the feed mixture flows through a fixed-bed reactor in the presence of a catalyst consisting of an alumina base impregnated with cobalt and molybdenum.The hot reaction products are cooled by flowing through a water-cooled heat exchanger before it flows through the pressure controller (PC) and undergoes a pressure reduction down to about 3 to 5 atmospheres. The resulting mixture of liquid and gas enters the high pressure separator which separates the liquid hydrocarbon from the hydrogen , hydrogen sulfide or ammonia gas. Most of the hydrogen-rich gas from the gas separator vessel is recycled by routing through an amine contractor for the removal of acid gas and is reuse in the reactor section. Any excess gas from the gas separator vessel joins sour gas from the stripping of the reaction product liquid. The liquid from the gas separator vessel is routed through a reboiled or steamed stripper distillation tower. The stripper only have two products ,a top and a bottom. With a steam stripper, downstream processing, typically a salt dryer which is preceded by a vacuum dryer, is required to remove water from treated products. If multiple products are produced, then a fractionator with a fired reboiler is also used. Further separation of LPG gases occurs in the low pressure separator prior to sending the hydrocarbon liquids to fractionation. Meanwhile, the sour gas is sent to the refinerys central gas processing plant for removal of the hydrogen sulfide in the refinerys main amine gas treating unit and through a series of distillation towers. The Importance of hydrotreating is that it helps to improve air quality by desulfurization of fuel oils. Hydrotreating prepares valueable hydrocarbon products from heavy carbon streams and the production of low-sulfer-level fuel oil from residual stocks after distillation of crude oil. Coking (prepared by Soo Voo Yee, 10UEB01889) Coking is a thermal process for the conversion of low value residue to valuable products and coker gas oil. There have two types of coking process, which are delayed coking and fluid coking. For the delayed coking process, at first, the residual oil from the vacuum distillation unit is pumped into the bottom of the main fractionators. Along the way it is pumped to the furnace, some steams are injected to heat it to its thermal cracking temperature of about 4800C. The injected steam helps to minimize the deposition of coke within the furnace tubes. Besides that velocity inside the tube of the furnace is very fast. This is to reduce the loss of heat as a waste of source. Because of the short period in the furnace, so the coking of the feed is delayed until it reaches the large coking drum. Compared to the furnace, drum provides a longer period for the cracking process to proceed to completion. For the gas oil and the lighter components will leave from the top of the drum, left behind the components of liquids and solids. The gasses will be directed to the main fractionators to separate it into gases, naphtha and light and heavy gas oils based on each boiling points.The solid coke is deposited and remains in the coke drum in a porous structure that allows flow through the pores. 16 to 24 hours are needed to fill the drum full as a complete coke drum cycle. The hot mixture is switched to another empty drum, when the first drum is full of the solidified coke. While the second drum is filling, the full drum is steamed out to reduce the hydrocarbon content of the petroleum coke, and then is cooled down with water. The top and bottom heads of the full coke drum are removed, and the solid petroleum coke is removed from the coke drum via hydro jetting. The pressure of the water is about 1250psig to 4000 psig and the flow rate is about 750GPM to 1250 GPM. Fluid coking is a continuous process which consists of 2 units, reactor and furnace. In the reactor, the coke particles are fluidized by steam. The preheated feed will be injected directly into the reactor when it reached temperature of 2500C to 3500C. The temperature inside of the reactor is around 4800C to 5700C. On the surface of the coke particles, cracking process is occurred, causing the lighter components are being vaporized. To separate the entrained coke particles with the vapors, cyclones are used. The vapor is then sent to the bottom of the scrubber and condensed into heavy tar; meanwhile the remaining coke is removed and recycled back to the coke reactor. The overhead of the vapor is directed to a fractionator where it is separated into the desired boiling point fractions. Then the coke particles flow to the stripping zone to remove any product vapor between the coke particles. After that, the coke particles are sent to the burner. A part of the coke is burned to remain the average bed temperature. Hot coke is then sent back to the reactor. To maintain the coke inventory in the burner, coke which is one of the products, required to withdraw from the burner. The large coke particulate will be replaced by the smaller seed particles to prevent the circulating coke is too coarse. Compare to delayed coking process, fluid coking will be carried out at a more uniform and higher temperature and shorter contact time. The products produced by using fluid coking process are more valuable and less coke.